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Microsoft
Software, cloud, AI, enterprise tools
Valuation Models
The valuations below are produced using established corporate finance methodologies. They are intended for educational and informational purposes only and should not be interpreted as investment advice.
Risk & Expected Return — What return should investors require?
Market Valuation — How is the market pricing this company?
Price-to-Earnings (P/E)
$632.78Estimated fair value
Estimates fair value using the company's historical P/E multiple.
Price-to-Earnings-to-Growth (PEG)
$574.29Estimated fair value
Estimates fair value using the PEG ratio and historical earnings growth.
Price-to-Book (P/B)
$642.97Estimated fair value
Estimates fair value using the company's historical Price-to-Book multiple.
Price-to-Sales (P/S)
$453.50Estimated fair value
Estimates fair value using the company's historical Price-to-Sales multiple.
Enterprise Value-to-Sales (EV/Sales)
$436.12Estimated fair value
Estimates fair value using the company's historical EV/Sales multiple.
Enterprise Value-to-EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)
$592.18Estimated fair value
Estimates fair value using the company's historical EV/EBITDA multiple.
Enterprise Value-to-EBIT (EV/EBIT)
$584.13Estimated fair value
Estimates fair value using the company's historical EV/EBIT multiple.
Earnings Yield (EBIT/EV)
4.3%Expected earnings yield
Measures operating earnings generated for each dollar of enterprise value.
Enterprise Value-to-Free Cash Flow (EV/FCF)
$348.00Estimated fair value
Estimates fair value using the company's historical EV/FCF multiple.
Price-to-Free Cash Flow (P/FCF)
$294.64Estimated fair value
Estimates fair value using the company's historical P/FCF multiple.
Enterprise Value-to-Invested Capital (EV/IC)
$1118.14Estimated fair value
Estimates fair value using the company's historical EV/Invested Capital multiple.
Intrinsic Valuation — What is the business worth?
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)
$278.51Intrinsic value
Estimates today's value from future cash flows.
Scenario DCF
$306.07Estimated fair value
Estimates fair value using bear, base and bull scenarios.
Monte Carlo DCF
$278.30Estimated fair value
Estimates fair value by simulating thousands of possible DCF outcomes.
Reverse DCF
29.7%Implied growth rate
Calculates the growth investors expect at today's stock price.
Adjusted Present Value (APV)
$266.86Intrinsic value
Values the business first on its own, then adds the value created by debt financing.
Earnings Power Value (EPV)
$160.46No-growth value
Values the company assuming earnings never grow.
Economic Value Added (EVA)
$300.50Intrinsic value
Values the company based on profits above its cost of capital.
Residual Income Valuation
$270.23Intrinsic value
Values the company using book value and future residual profits.
Gordon Growth Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
$80.13Estimated fair value
Estimates fair value from expected future dividends.
Shareholder Yield
$121.83Estimated fair value
Estimates fair value from dividends and net share repurchases using a target shareholder yield.
Graham Number Valuation
$128.62Conservative fair value
Estimates a conservative fair value using earnings and book value.
Business Quality & Growth — Is this a good business?
Reinvestment Growth Model
19.8%Expected growth
Estimates future growth from reinvestment and profitability.
ROIC vs. WACC Analysis
22.0%Value creation
Measures whether returns on invested capital exceed the cost of capital.
Return on Equity (ROE) & DuPont Analysis
30.2%Business quality
Breaks ROE into profitability, asset efficiency and financial leverage.